Table 2 Summary of measured wood burning effects on airborne particle concentrations

Investigator^a

Location

Measurement^b

Concentration Mean

(μg/m³) Range

Wood Smoke (wt %)

Method^c

Comments

Cooper (20)

Portland, OR

PM_2.5

68

-

36

¹⁴C

Single sample at residential location

total carbon

31.3

-

51

in winter

Wolff et al (97)

Denver, CO

PM_2.5

39.5

-

12

K/Fe

total carbon

27

7-43

33

¹⁴C

Five samples during winter

Carlson (15)

Missoula, MT

PM_3.5

-

-

68

CMB

Average of winter samples

Imhoff (44)

Petersville, AL

PM_2.5

45

13-86

85

CMB

Seven residential samples in winter

Core et al (22)

Spokane,WA; Seattle, WA; Tacoma, WA; Portland, OR; Boise, ID

PM_2.5

57

-

71

CMB

Sixty-one 24-hr samples in autumn and winter from 8 sites in WA, 1 site in ID and I site in OR

Medford, OR

PM_2.5

17.5

8.8-30.2

55

Annual average values for 3 sites

Portland, OR

3.0

1.5-3.9

14

Annual average values for 4 sites

Ramdahl et al (76)

Elverum, Norway

total carbon

(<3 μm)

20

5-50

65

¹⁴C

Ten 24-hr winter samples; avg PM₁₀ = 51 μg/m³ (range 31-101 )

Naylor (71)

Las Vegas, NV

total carbon

36

25-46

47

¹⁴C

Four 12-hr winter samples (day and night)

Lewis et al (60)

Denver, CO

PM_2.5

19

?-47

8

MLR

Seventeen 12-hr daytime samples in winter

PM_2.5

12

?-41

17

Nineteen 12-hr nighttime samples in winter

K1ouda et a1 (51)

Raleigh, NC

total carbon

-

23-80

95

¹⁴C

Four 12-hr daytime samples in winter

elemental carbon

3.2

-

68

One l2-hr daytime sample in winter

Albuquerque, NM

total carbon

-

11-71

75

¹⁴C

Six 12-hr samples (day & night) at residential site in winter

elemental carbon

4.6

41

Four 12-hr samples (day & night) at residential site in winter

Lewis et al (59)

Albuquerque, NM

total carbon

-

-

67

MLR

Six 12-hr samples (day or night)

-

-

68

x1⁴C

in winter

EOM

18.9

-

78

MLR

Forty-four l2-hr samples (day & night) in winter

Chow et al (16)

Sparks, NV

PM₁₀

41

?-154

30^d

CMB

Fifty seven 24-hr samples every 6^th day for one year at a residential site

76

44^d

Subset of above samples from Oct-Dec period (n = 15)

Reno, NV

30

?-99

3^d

Fifty six 24-hr samples every 6^th day for one year at an urban site

46

9^d

Subset of above samples from Oct-Dec period (n = 15)

Benedict & Naylor (8)

Las Vegas, NV

PM_2.5

12.5

-

27

CMB

One 24-hr sample during winter

Magliano (65)

Bakersfield, CA

PM₁₀

8.7

-

12.9

CMB

Nine month average of every 6^th day

PM_2.5

13.8

-

62.8

24-hr samples (March-Dec)

Fresno, CA

PM₁₀

7.1

-

16.8

PM_2.5

5.3

-

35.5

Dresser & Baird (29)

Telluride, CO

PM₁₀

-

-

33

CMB

Four 24-hr average spring samples

205

-

58

Two 24-hr holiday winter samples

Larson et al (56)

Seattle, WA

PM₁₀

39

9-123

6

CMB

Seven 12-hr daytime samples at industrial site in winter of 1987-88

30

8-61

11

The corresponding seven 12-hr nighttime samples at above site

45

12-104

54

Ten 12-hr daytime samples at residential site in winter of 1987-88

75

5-144

82

The corresponding ten 12-hr nighttime samples at above site

116

75-139

82

The sixteen highest 12-hr nighttime: samples at the same residential site in the winter of 1998-89

Klouda et al (50)

Boise, ID

EOM

-

-

72-89

¹⁴C

Reported range of values (average not reported) for nine 12-hr daytime samples at a residential site in winter

EOM

-

-

52-83

Range of values (average not reported) for nine 12-hr nighttime samples at residential site in winter

Lewis et al (61)

Boise, ID

EOM

22

-

67^d

MLR

Forty 12-hr samples (day & night)

Larson et al (57)

Seattle, WA

PM_2.5

14.8

6.0-32.9

71

CMB

Forty eight one-week average composite samples (Jan-Nov) at a residential site. The composite consisted of sampling for 15 min every 2 hr for the entire study period. Wood burning was the dominant source all seasons. of the year, ranging from 60% in summer to 90% in winter

^aOther investigators have measured elevated concentrations of particulate matter in wood burning communities, but did not use one of the methods cited above to quantify the fraction attributable to wood burning. Methods not listed above include emission inventory/atmospheric dispersion modeling (13, 42, 44, 55, 69, 71, 76, 80, 84), gaseous methyl chloride tracer measurement (47), time series of particle light scattering coefficient (54, 55) and thermography (54).

^bPM_x = mass concentration of particles ≤ x μm in aerodynamic diameter; EOM = mass concentration of extractable organic matter from particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 μm; total carbon = total organic and elemental carbon mass concentration in particles ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter unless otherwise noted.

^c14C = isotopic carbon measurement to determine biogenic carbon concentration, i.e., contemporary carbon from biogenic material ~ 40 years or less old; CMB = chemical mass balance regression model; K/Fe = tracer enrichment method based upon the mass ratio of potassium to iron; MLR = multiple linear regression of individual tracer elements (e.g. potassium for wood and lead for motor vehicles) against mass concentration or relevant measurement listed above.

^dEstimated from report average concentration of wood smoke divided by average concentration of total mass