http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/994656-overview
http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/3/573
Household wood and charcoal smoke increases risk of otitis media in childhood in Maputo
João Leopoldo da Costa1,4, Albert Navarro2,4, José Branco Neves3 and Miguel Martin2,4
Background This study examined the association of otitis media in children <6 years old and the exposure to wood and charcoal smoke, as well as to other risk factors, in Maputo.
Methods Case-control study. In all 750 children matched by sex and age were enrolled in a hospital-community study. Cases were gathered from among children visiting the Central Hospital of Maputo with otitis media and controls were recruited in the same village as the cases. Conditional logistic regression was performed to evaluate, simultaneously, the effect of each risk factor.
Results Cases were more likely to have been exposed to tobacco smoke (OR = 1.51), to wood (OR = 1.85) and charcoal (OR = 1.50) household smoke, to short term breastfeeding (OR = 1.47), and to live in overcrowded conditions (OR = 1.49). Multivariate analysis stratified by age groups (younger and older than 2 years) showed that cases were more likely to be exposed to wood and charcoal smoke than controls, regardless of age. Among children aged >2 years, Eustachian tube dysfunction was evident (OR = 3.06) particularly in those living in less overcrowded conditions.
Conclusions Findings of this study are consistent with earlier studies that have reported an association between parental smoking, short duration of breastfeeding, and Eustachian tube dysfunction. The association with wood and charcoal smoke indicates that there is a need to educate people regarding the avoidance of exposing their children to this environmental hazard.
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Risk Factors for Acute Otitis Media in Children Aged 0 to 5 Years in Parakou
Hounkpatin et al
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInfor ... erID=64434
"Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common ENT childhood diseases"
3.3. Source of Heat Used for Cooking in Children’s Households
"Among the 2040 children interviewed, 2035 i.e. 99.8% were from households where the source of heat used for cooking was wood or charcoal fire. One Thousand Seven Hundred Twenty-Seven (1727) of them i.e. 84.7% often helped their mums in the kitchen (the youngest ones are carried on the back of their mothers). All the 58 children with otitis belonged to households where charcoal and wood furnaces were used for food cooking and 56 of them (96.6%) were exposed to smoke generated by those furnaces since they often help their mother in the kitchen."
